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 PHD THESES 
Integration of control and dynamical systems perspectives to machine learningMotoya Ohnishi (2024). University of Washington
 
 Broad generalization through domain transfer: Abstractions and algorithms
 Aravind Rajeswaran (2021). University of Washington
 
 Modeling for robotics and pneumatic actuation using PDEs
 Svetoslav Kolev (2021). University of Washington
 
 Manipulators and manipulation in high-dimensional spaces
 Vikash Kumar (2016). University of Washington
 
 New techniques in deep representation learning
 Galen Andrew (2016). University of Washington
 
 Automated discovery and learning of complex movement behaviors
 Igor Mordatch (2015). University of Washington
 
 Design and control of an anthropomorphic robotic hand: Learning advantages from
the human body and brain
 Zhe (Joseph) Xu (2015). University of Washington
 
 Automating stochastic control
 Krishnamurthy Dvijotham (2014). University of Washington
 
 Value-function approximation methods for linearly-solvable Markov decision processes
 Minguyan Zhong (2013). University of Washington
 
 Theory and implementation of bio-mimetic motor controllers
 Yuval Tassa (2011). Hebrew University of Jerusalem
 
 Exploratory studies of human sensorimotor learning with system identification and stochastic optimal control
 Alex Simpkins (2009). University of California San Diego
 
 Computational and psychophysical studies of goal-directed arm movements
 Dan Liu (2008). University of California San Diego
 
 Optimal control for biological movement ystems
 Weiwei Li (2006). University of California San Diego
 
 Studies of goal-directed movements
 Emanuel Todorov (1998). Massachusetts Institute of Technology
 
 
 PUBLICATIONS 
Computing the Newton step faster than Hessian accumulationSrinivasan A and Todorov E. In ICML Workshop Proceedings 2021.
 
 Lyceum: An efficient and scalable ecosystem for robot learning
 Summers C, Lowrey K, Rajeswaran A, Srinivasa S and Todorov E. In Annual Converence on Learning for Dynamics and Control (L4DC) 2020.
 
 Reinforcement learning for non-prehensile manipulation:
Transfer from simulation to physical system
 Lowrey K, Kolev S, Dao J, Rajeswaran A and Todorov E. In IEEE International Conference on Simulation, Modeling and Programming for Autonomous Robots (SIMPAR) 2018.
 Best Paper Award
 Movie
 
 Learning complex dexterous manipulation with deep reinforcement
learning and demonstrations
 Rajeswaran A, Kumar V, Gupta A, Schulman J, Todorov E and Levine S. In Robotics Science and Systems (RSS) 2018.
 Project
 
 Goal directed dynamics
 Todorov E. In IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA) 2018.
 Movie
 
 Plan online, learn offline: Efficient learning and exploration via model-based control
 Lowrey K, Rajeswaran A, Kakade S, Todorov E and Mordatch I (2018)
 
 Towards generalization and simplicity in continuous control
 Rajeswaran A, Lowrey K, Todorov E and Kakade S. In Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS) 2017.
 Project
 
 Learning dexterous manipulation policies from experience and imitation
 Kumar V, Gputa A, Todorov E and Levine S (2016)
 Movie
 
 Realtime state estimation with whole-body multi-contact dynamics: A modified UKF approach
 Lowrey K, Dao J and Todorov E. In IEEE/RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robots
 Movie
 
 Optimal control with learned local models: Application to dexterous manipulation
 Kumar V,  Todorov E and Levine S. In IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation 2016.
 Best Manipulation Paper Award
 Movie
 
 Design of a highly biomimetic anthropomorphic robotic hand: Towards artificial limb regeneration
 Xu Z and Todorov E. IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation 2016.
 Movie
 
 Interactive control of diverse complex characters with neural networks
 Mordatch I, Lowrey K, Andrew G, Popovic Z and Todorov E (2015). In Neural Information Processing Systems.
 Movie
 
 Physically consistent state estimation and system identification for contacts
 Kolev S and Todorov E (2015). In IEEE/RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robots.
 Movie
 
 MuJoCo HAPTIX: A virtual reality system for hand manipulation
 Kumar V and Todorov E (2015). In IEEE/RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robots.
 Movie
 
 Whole-body model-predictive control applied to the HRP-2 humanoid robot
 Koenemann J, Del Prete A, Tassa Y, Todorov E, Stasse O, Bennewitz M and Mansard N (2015). In IEEE/RAS International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems
 Movie
 
 Ensemble-CIO: Full-body dynamic motion planning that transfers to physical humanoids
 Mordatch I, Lowrey K and Todorov E (2015). In IEEE/RAS International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems
 Movie
 
 Simulation tools for model-based robotics: Comparison of Bullet, Havok, MuJoCo, ODE and PhysX
 Erez T, Tassa Y and Todorov E (2015). In International Conference on Robotics and Automation
 Movie
 
 Convex structured controller design in finite horizon
 Dvijotham K, Todorov E and Fazel M (2015). IEEE Transactions on Control of Network Systems, vol 2, issue 1
 
 Convex risk-averse control design
 Dvijotham K, Todorov E and Fazel M (2015). In IEEE Conference on Decision and Control
 
 Universal convexification via risk-aversion
 Dvijotham K, Fazel M and Todorov E (2014). In Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence
 Facebook Best Student Paper
 
 Combining the benefits of function approximation and trajectory optimization
 Mordatch I and Todorov E (2014). In Robotics: Science and Systems
 Movie
 
 Physically-consistent sensor fusion in contact-rich behaviors
 Lowrey K, Kolev S, Tassa Y, Erez T and Todorov E (2014). In IEEE/RAS International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems
 Movie
 
 From inverse kinematics to optimal control
 Geoffroy P, Mansard N, Raison M, Achiche S, Tassa Y and Todorov E (2014). In Advances in Robot Kinematics 2014
 
 Convex and analytically-invertible dynamics with contacts and constraints: Theory and implementation in MuJoCo
 Todorov E (2014). In International Conference on Robotics and Automation
 Movie
 
 Control-limited Differential Dynamic Programming
 Tassa Y, Mansard N and Todorov E (2014). In International Conference on Robotics and Automation
 Movie
 
 Real-time behaviour synthesis for dynamic hand manipulation
 Kumar V, Tassa Y, Erez T and Todorov E (2014). In International Conference on Robotics and Automation
 Movie
 
 Design, optimization, calibration and a case study of a 3D-printed,
low-cost fingertip sensor for robotic manipulation
 Xu Z, Kolev S and Todorov E (2014). In International Conference on Robotics and Automation
 Movie
 
 Animating human lower limbs using Contact-Invariant Optimization
 Mordatch I, Wang J, Todorov E and Koltun V (2013). In SIGGRAPH ASIA
 Movie
 
 Fast, strong and compliant pneumatic actuation for
dexterous tendon-driven hands
 Kumar V, Xu Z and Todorov E (2013). In International Conference on Robotics and Automation
 Movie
 
 STAC: Simultaneous tracking and calibration
 Wu T, Tassa Y, Kumar V, Movellan J and Todorov E (2013). In IEEE/RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robots
 Movie
 
 A low-cost and modular, 20-DOF anthropomorphic robotic hand: Design, actuation and modeling
 Xu Z, Kumar V and Todorov E (2013). In IEEE/RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robots
 Movie
 
 An integrated system for real-time model-predictive control of humanoid robots
 Erez T, Lowrey K, Tassa Y, Kumar V, Kolev S and Todorov E (2013). In IEEE/RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robots
 Movie
 
 Convex control design via covariance minimization
 Dvijotham K, Todorov E and Fazel M (2013). In 51st Annual Allerton Conference on Communication, Control, and Computing
 
 Convexity of optimal linear controller design
 Dvijotham K, Theodorou E, Todorov E and Fazel M (2013). In IEEE Conference on Decision and Control
 
 Time-varying nonlinear policy gradients
 Theodorou E, Dvijotham K, and Todorov E (2013). In IEEE Conference on Decision and Control
 
 Modeling and identification of pneumatic actuators
 Tassa Y, Wu T, Movellan J and Todorov E (2013). In IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation
 Best paper finalist
 
 From information-theoretic dualities to path-integral and Kullback Leibler control: Continuous and discrete-time formulationis
 Theodorou E, Dvijotham K and Todorov E (2013). In 16th Yale Workshop on Learning and Adaptive Systems
 
 Multi-robot active SLAM with relative entropy optimization
 Kontitsis M, Theodorou E and Todorov E (2013). In American Control Conference
 
 The delta-sensitivity and its application to stochastic optimal control of nonlinear diffusions
 Theodorou E and Todorov E (2013). In American Control Conference
 
 Free energy based policy gradients
 Theodorou E, Najemnik J and Todorov E (2013). In IEEE Symposium on Adaptive Dynamic Programming and Reinforcement Learning
 
 Value function approximation and model-predictive control
 Zhong M, Johnson M, Tassa Y, Erez T and Todorov E (2013). In IEEE Symposium on Adaptive Dynamic Programming and Reinforcement Learning
 
 Linearly-solvable Markov games
 Dvijotham K and Todorov E (2012). In American Control Conference
 
 Information theoretic views on path-integral control
 Theodorou E and Todorov E (2012). In NIPS Workshop on Information of Action and Perception
 
 Reduced dimensionality control for the ACT hand
 Malhotra M, Rombokas E, Theodorou E, Todorov E and Matsuoka Y (2012). In International Conference on Robotics and Automation
 
 Tendon-driven control of biomechanical and robotic systems: A path-integral reinforcement learning approach
 Rombokas E, Theodorou E, Malhotra M, Todorov E and Matsuoka Y (2012). In International Conference on Robotics and Automation
 
 MuJoCo: A physics engine for model-based control
 Todorov E, Erez T and Tassa Y (2012). In IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems
 
 Design of an anthropomorphic robotic finger system with biomimetic artificial joints
 Xu Z, Kumar V, Matsuoka Y and Todorov E (2012). In  IEEE Biomedical Robotics and Biomechatronics
 
 Synthesis and stabilization of complex behaviors through online trajectory optimization
 Tassa Y, Erez T and Todorov E (2012). In IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems
 Movie
 
 Trajectory optimization for domains with contacts using inverse dynamics
 Erez T and Todorov E (2012). In IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems
 
 Stochastic optimal control for nonlinear Markov jump diffusion processes
 Theodorou E and Todorov E (2012). In American Control Conference
 
 Relative entropy and free energy dualities: Connections to path integral and KL control
 Theodorou E and Todorov E (2012). In IEEE Conference on Decision and Control
 
 Contact-invariant optimization for hand manipulation
 Mordatch I, Popovic, Z and Todorov E(2012). In Eurographics / ACM SIGGRAPH Symposium on Computer Animation
 Project Page
 
 Discovery of complex behaviors through contact-invariant optimization
 Mordatch I, Todorov E and Popovic, Z (2012). In ACM SIGGRAPH
 Project Page
 
 Linearly-solvable optimal control
 Dvijotham K and Todorov E (2012). In Reinforcement Learning and Approximate Dynamic Programming for Feedback Control, Lewis (ed), chap. 6, Wiley and IEEE Press
 
 Optimal limit-cycle control recast as Bayesian inference
 Tassa Y, Erez T and Todorov E (2011).  In World Congress of the International Federation of Automatic Control
 
 Aggregation methods for linearly-solvable MDPs
 Zhong M and Todorov E (2011). In World Congress of the International Federation of Automatic Control
 
 Finding the most likely trajectories of optimally-controlled stochastic systems
 Todorov E (2011).  In World Congress of the International Federation of Automatic Control
 
 Inverse optimality design for biological movement systems
 Li W, Todorov E and Liu D (2011). In World Congress of the International Federation of Automatic Control
 
 A unifying framework for linearly-solvable control
 Dvijotham K and Todorov E (2011). In Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence
 
 Infinite-horizon model predictive control for nonlinear periodic tasks with contacts
 Erez T, Tassa Y and Todorov E (2011).  In Robotics: Science and Systems
 
 Neuromuscular stochastic optimal control of a tendon-driven index finger model
 Theodorou E, Todorov E and Valero-Cuevas F (2011).  In American Control Conference
 
 Design and analysis of an artificial finger joint for anthropomorphic robotic hands
 Xu Z, Todorov E, Dellon B, Matsuoka Y (2011). In International Conference on Robotics and Automation
 
 Modular bio-mimetic robots that can interact with the world the way we do
 Simpkins A, Kelley M and Todorov E (2011). In International Conference on Robotics and Automation
 
 A convex, smooth and invertible contact model for trajectory optimization
 Todorov E (2011). In International Conference on Robotics and Automation
 Movie
 
 First-exit model predictive control of fast discontinuous dynamics: Application to ball bouncing
 Kulchenko P and Todorov E (2011). In International Conference on Robotics and Automation
 Movie
 
 Complex object manipulation with hierarchical optimal control
 Simpkins A and Todorov E (2011). In IEEE Adaptive Dynamic Programming and Reinforcement Learning
 
 Policy gradient methods with model predictive control applied to ball bouncing
 Kulchenko P and Todorov E (2011). In IEEE Adaptive Dynamic Programming and Reinforcement Learning
 
 Moving least-squares approximations for linearly-solvable stochastic optimal control problems
 Zhong M and Todorov E (2011).  J Control Theory Appl, 9(3): 451-463
 
 Moving least-squares approximations for linearly-solvable optimal control problems
 Zhong M and Todorov E (2011). In IEEE Adaptive Dynamic Programming and Reinforcement Learning
 
 High-order local dynamic programming
 Tassa Y and Todorov E (2011). In IEEE Adaptive Dynamic Programming and Reinforcement Learning
 Movie
 
 Policy gradients in linearly-solvable MDPs
 Todorov E (2010). In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 24
 
 Inverse optimal control with linearly-solvable MDPs
 Dvijotham K and Todorov E (2010). In International Conference on Machine Learning
 
 Identification and control of a pneumatic robot
 Todorov E, Hu C, Simpkins A and Movellan J (2010). In IEEE Biomedical Robotics and Biomechatronics
 Movie1; 				    
Movie2; 				    
Movie3
 
 Stochastic complementarity for local control of discontinuous dynamics
 Tassa Y and Todorov E (2010). In Robotics: Science and Systems
 Movie
 
 Position estimation and control of compact BLDC motors based on analog linear Hall effect sensors
 Simpkins A and Todorov E (2010). In American Control Conference
 
 Stochastic differential dynamic programming
 Theodorou E, Tassa Y and Todorov E (2010). In American Control Conference
 
 Implicit nonlinear complementarity: A new approach to contact dynamics
 Todorov E (2010). In International Conference on Robotics and Automation
 Movie
 
 A first optimal control solution for a complex, nonlinear, tendon driven neuromuscular finger model
 Theodorou E, Todorov E and Valero-Cuevas F (2010). In ASME Summer Bioengineering Conference
 
 Compositionality of optimal control laws
 Todorov E (2009). In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 22, pp 1856-1864, Bengio et al (eds), MIT Press
 
 Efficient computation of optimal actions
 Todorov E (2009). PNAS, 106(28): 11478-11483
 Commentary;
Supplementary information
 
 Structured variability of muscle activations supports the minimal intervention principle of motor control
 Valero-Cuevas F, Venkadesan M and Todorov E (2009). Journal of Neurophysiology,
102: 59-68
 Journal cover
 
 Eigenfunction approximation methods for linearly-solvable optimal control problems
 Todorov E (2009). In proceedings of the 2nd IEEE Symposium on Adaptive Dynamic Programming and Reinforcement Learning, pp 161 - 168
 
 Hierarchical optimal control of a 7-DOF arm model
 Liu D and Todorov E (2009).  In proceedings of the 2nd IEEE Symposium on Adaptive Dynamic Programming and Reinforcement Learning, pp 50 - 57
 
 Practical numerical methods for stochastic optimal control of biological systems in continuous time and space
 Simpkins A and Todorov E (2009).  In proceedings of the 2nd IEEE Symposium on Adaptive Dynamic Programming and Reinforcement Learning, pp 212 - 218
 
 Real-time motor control using recurrent neural networks
 Huh D and Todorov E (2009).  In proceedings of the 2nd IEEE Symposium on Adaptive Dynamic Programming and Reinforcement Learning, pp 42 - 49
 
 Iterative local dynamic programming
 Todorov E and Tassa Y (2009).  In proceedings of the 2nd IEEE Symposium on Adaptive Dynamic Programming and Reinforcement Learning), pp 90 - 95
 
 General duality between optimal control and estimation
 Todorov E (2008). In proceedings of the 47th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, pp 4286 - 4292
 
 Optimal trade-off between exploration and exploitation
 Simpkins A, de Callafon R and Todorov E (2008). In proceedings of the American Control Conference, pp 33-38
 
 Parallels between sensory and motor information processing
 Todorov E (2008). In The Cognitive Neurosciences, 4th ed, Gazzaniga (ed), MIT Press
 
 Predicting reaching targets from human EEG
 Hammon P, Makeig S, Poizner H, Todorov E and de Sa V (2007). IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 25: 69-77
 
 Evidence for the flexible sensorimotor strategies predicted by optimal feedback control
 Liu D and Todorov E (2007). Journal of Neuroscience, 27: 9354-9368
 
 Iterative linearization methods for approximately optimal control and estimation of non-linear stochastic systems
 Li W and Todorov E (2007). International Journal of Control, 80: 1439-1453
 
 Probabilistic inference of multi-joint movements, skeletal parameters and marker attachments from diverse sensor data
 Todorov E (2007). IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 54: 1927-1939
 
 State estimation with finite signals-to-noise models via linear matrix inequalities
 Li W, Skelton R and Todorov E (2007). Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement and Control, 129: 136-143
 
 Linearly-solvable Markov decision problems
 Todorov E (2006). In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 19: 1369-1376, Scholkopf et al (eds), MIT Press
 
 Iterative optimal control and estimation design for nonlinear stochastic systems
 Li W and Todorov E (2006). In proceedings of the 45th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, pp 3242-3247
 
 Imitiation learning for reaching and grasping in virtual environments
 Singh N and Todorov E (2006). In proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Development and Learning
 
 Optimal control theory
 Todorov E (2006). In Bayesian Brain: Probabilistic Approaches to Neural Coding, Doya K at al (eds), chap 12, pp 269-298, MIT Press
 
 From task parameters to motor synergies: A hierarchical framework for approximately-optimal control of redundant manipulators
 Todorov E, Li W and Pan X (2005). Journal of Robotic Systems, 22(11):691-710
 
 Towards an integrated systems for estimating multi-joint movement from diverse sensor data
 Pan X, Todorov E and Li W (2005). In proceedings of the 27th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, pp 4982-4985
 
 Hierarchical feedback and learning for multi-joint arm movement control
 Li W, Todorov E and Pan X (2005). In proceedings of the 27th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, pp 4400-4403
 
 A generalized iterative LQG method for locally-optimal feedback control of constrained nonlinear stochastic systems
 Todorov E and Li W (2005). In proceedings of the American Control Conference, pp 300-306
 MATLAB code
 
 Estimation and control of systems with multiplicative noise via linear matrix inequalities
 Li W, Skelton R and Todorov E (2005). In proceedings of the American Control Conference, pp 1811-1816
 
 Stochastic optimal control and estimation methods adapted to the noise characteristics of the sensorimotor system
 Todorov E (2005). Neural Computation, 17(5): 1084-1108
 MATLAB code
 
 Hierarchical optimal control of redundant biomechanical systems
 Li W, Todorov E and Pan X (2004). In proceedings of the 26th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, pp 4618-4621
 
 Development of clinician-friendly software for musculoskeletal modeling and control
 Davoodi R, Urata C, Todorov E and Loeb G (2004). In proceedings of the 26th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, pp 4622-4625
 
 Analysis of the synergies underlying complex hand manipulation
 Todorov E and Ghahramani Z (2004). In proceedings of the 26th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, pp 4637-4640
 
 Iterative linear-quadratic regulator design for nonlinear biological movement systems
 Li W and Todorov E (2004). In proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Informatics in Control, Automation and Robotics, vol 1, pp 222-229
 
 Optimality principles in sensorimotor control
 Todorov E (2004). Nature Neuroscience 7(9): 907-915
 
 Optimal control methods suitable for biomechanical systems
 Todorov E and Li W (2003). In proceedings of the 25th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, pp 
1758-1761
 
 Unsupervised learning of sensory-motor primitives
 Todorov E and Ghahramani Z (2003). In proceedings of the 25th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, pp 1750-1753
 
 A minimal intervention principle for coordinated movement
 Todorov E and Jordan M (2003). In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 15: 27-34, Becker et al (eds), MIT Press
 
 On the role of primary motor cortex in arm movement control
 Todorov E (2003). In Progress in Motor Control III, ch 6, pp 125-166, Latash and Levin (eds), Human Kinetics
 
 Optimal feedback control as a theory of motor coordination
 Todorov E and Jordan M (2002). Nature Neuroscience 5(11): 1226-1235
 News and views; 
Neuroscience news;
Supplementary information
 
 A biomechanical model of the partially paralyzed human arm
 Davoodi R, Brown I, Todorov E and Loeb G (2002). In proceedings of the 7th Annual Conference of the International Functional Electric Stimulation Society
 
 Cosine tuning minimizes motor errors
 Todorov E (2002). Neural Computation 14(6): 1233-1260
 
 Use of virtual environments in motor learning and rehabilitation
 Holden M and Todorov E (2002). In Handbook of Virtual Environments, ch 49, pp 999-1026, Stanney K (ed), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
 
 One motor cortex, two different views
 Todorov E, debate with Georgopoulos A, Ashe J, Moran D, Schwartz A and Scott S (2000). Nature Neuroscience 3(10): 963-965
 
 Direct cortical control of muscle activation in voluntary arm movements: a model
 Todorov E (2000). Nature Neuroscience 3(4): 391-398
 News and views
 
 Virtual environment training improves motor performance in two patients with stroke
 Holden M, Todorov E, Callahan J and Bizzi E (1999). Neurology Report 23(2): 57-67
 
 Smoothness maximization along a predefined path accurately predicts the speed profiles of complex arm movements
 Todorov E and Jordan M (1998). Journal of Neurophysiology 80(2): 696-714
 
 A local circuit approach to understanding integration of long-range inputs in primary visual cortex
 Somers D, Todorov E et al (1998). Cerebral Cortex 8(3): 204-211
 
 Augmented feedback presented in a virtual environment accelerates learning of a difficult motor task
 Todorov E, Shadmehr R and Bizzi E (1997). Journal of Motor Behavior 29(2): 147-158
 
 Modeling visual cortical contrast adaptation effects
 Todorov E, Siapas A, Somers D and Nelson S (1997). In Computational Neuroscience: Trends in Reseach 5: 525-531, Bower (ed), Kluwer Academic
 
 A local circuit integration approach to understanding visual cortical receptive fields
 Somers D, Todorov E and Siapas A (1997). In Computational Neuroscience: Trends in Reseach 5: 505-510, Bower (ed), Kluwer Academic
 
 A model of recurrent interactions in primary visual cortex
 Todorov E, Siapas A and Somers D (1997). In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 9: 118-126, Mozer, Jordan, Petsche (eds), MIT Press
 
 Variable gain control in local cortical circuitry supports context-dependent modulation by long-range connections
 Somers D, Toth L, Todorov E et al (1996). In Lateral Interactions in Cortex - Structure and Function, ch 4, Sirosh et al (eds), Online Book
 
 Catastrophic interference in human motor learning
 Brashers-Krug T, Shadmehr R and Todorov E (1995). In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 7: 19-26, Tesauro, Touretzky, Leen (eds), MIT Press
 
 Factorial learning by clustering features
 Tenenbaum J and Todorov E (1995). In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 7: 561-568, Tesauro, Touretzky, Leen (eds), MIT Press
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